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Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official... Dec 2012Clinical management decisions for patients with cancer are increasingly being guided by prognostic and predictive markers. Use of these markers should be based on a... (Review)
Review
Clinical management decisions for patients with cancer are increasingly being guided by prognostic and predictive markers. Use of these markers should be based on a sufficiently comprehensive body of unbiased evidence to establish that benefits to patients outweigh harms and to justify expenditure of health care dollars. Careful assessments of the clinical utility of markers by using comparative effectiveness research methods are urgently needed to more rigorously summarize and evaluate the evidence, but multiple factors have made such assessments difficult. The literature on tumor markers is plagued by nonpublication bias, selective reporting, and incomplete reporting. Several measures to address these problems are discussed, including development of a tumor marker study registry, greater attention to assay analytic performance and specimen quality, use of more rigorous study designs and analysis plans to establish clinical utility, and adherence to higher standards for reporting tumor marker studies. More complete and transparent reporting by adhering to criteria such as BRISQ [Biospecimen Reporting for Improved Study Quality] criteria for reporting details about specimens and REMARK [Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies] criteria for reporting a multitude of aspects relating to study design, analysis, and results, is essential for reliable assessment of study quality, detection of potential biases, and proper interpretation of study findings. Adopting these measures will improve the quality of the body of evidence available for comparative effectiveness research and enhance the ability to establish the clinical utility of prognostic and predictive tumor markers.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Medical Oncology; Neoplasms; Publishing
PubMed: 23071235
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2012.42.6858 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... 2013The high incidence of gastric cancer and consequent mortality pose severe threats to human health. Early screening, diagnosis and treatment are the key to improve the... (Review)
Review
The high incidence of gastric cancer and consequent mortality pose severe threats to human health. Early screening, diagnosis and treatment are the key to improve the prognosis of the patients with gastric cancer. Gastroscopy with biopsy is an efficient method for the diagnosis of early gastric cancer, but the associated discomfort and high cost make it difficult to be a routine method for screening gastric cancer. Serum tumor marker assay is a simple and practical method for detection of gastric cancer, but it is limited by poor sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, people have been looking for novel serum markers of gastric cancer in recent years. Here we review the novel serum tumor markers of gastric cancer and their diagnostic significance, focusing on the discoveries from serum proteomics analyses and epigenetics researches.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Blood Proteins; Genetic Markers; Humans; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 23886124
DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.6.3437 -
BMC Surgery Jun 2022Our aim of was to compare importance of the tumor markers (TMs) serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 in prediction of recurrence after... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Our aim of was to compare importance of the tumor markers (TMs) serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 in prediction of recurrence after curative gastrectomy for gastric cancer.
METHODS
We reviewed retrospectively the clinical records of 149 patients who underwent curative gastrectomy for stage I-III gastric cancer and whose CEA and CA19-9 levels were determined once preoperatively and for more than 3 years postoperatively. We investigated whether the clinicopathological characteristics of patients including age, sex, pathological disease stage, operative approach, type of gastrectomy, and degree of lymph node dissection as well as preoperative positivity of CEA and CA19-9 were risk factors for recurrence in univariate and multivariate analyses. Rate of recurrence was compared between patients positive and negative for postoperative CEA or CA19-9. We also calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictable values of postoperative positivity of CEA and CA19-9 for recurrence. The lead time was compared between CEA and CA19-9 that was defined as the time of the first detection of increases in tumor markers and confirmation of recurrence on imaging modalities.
RESULTS
The number of patients positive for preoperative CEA was 25 (17%) and for CA19-9 was 11 (7%). Recurrence was confirmed in 29 (19%) patients. Stage III disease, preoperative positivity for CA19-9 but not CEA, and total gastrectomy were risk factors for recurrence in univariate analysis, but stage III disease was the only risk factor for recurrence in multivariate analysis. Forty and 15 patients were positive for postoperative CEA and CA19-9, respectively. The recurrence rate of 47% (7/15) in patients positive for postoperative CA19-9 was greater than that in negative patients (22/134 = 16%), but it did not differ between patients who were positive or negative for postoperative CEA. Specificity for CA19-9 was greater than that for CEA (P < 0.05). The lead time of CEA (3.9 ± 4.7 months) was not different from that of CA19-9 (6.1 ± 7.1 months).
CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that CA19-9 rather than CEA is likely to be more useful for the detection of recurrence after curative gastrectomy for gastric cancer.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; CA-19-9 Antigen; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Gastrectomy; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Retrospective Studies; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 35655198
DOI: 10.1186/s12893-022-01667-z -
Cells Jul 2023CD30, also known as TNFRSF8 (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8), is a protein receptor that is heavily glycosylated inside the Golgi apparatus, as well... (Review)
Review
CD30, also known as TNFRSF8 (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8), is a protein receptor that is heavily glycosylated inside the Golgi apparatus, as well as a tumor marker that is found on the surface of specific cells in the body, including certain immune cells and cancer ones. This review aims to shed light on the critical importance of CD30, from its emergence in the cell to its position in diagnosing various diseases, including Hodgkin lymphoma, where it is expressed on Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells, as well as embryonal carcinoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). In addition to its role in positive diagnosis, targeting CD30 has been a promising approach treating CD30-positive lymphomas, and there is ongoing research into the potential use of CD30-targeted therapies for autoimmune disorders. We aim to elaborate on CD30's roles as a tumor marker, supporting thus the hypothesis that this receptor might be the aim of cytostatic treatment.
Topics: Humans; Hodgkin Disease; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic; Reed-Sternberg Cells; Ki-1 Antigen; Biomarkers, Tumor
PubMed: 37443818
DOI: 10.3390/cells12131783 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2012Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in the degradation of extracellular matrix components crucial for tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. MMPs are... (Review)
Review
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in the degradation of extracellular matrix components crucial for tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. MMPs are controlled by natural inhibitors called tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). We and others have demonstrated that MMPs and TIMPs are especially important in the process of tumor invasion, progression and the metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). It has been proposed that MMPs and TIMPs might play a part not only in tumor invasion and initiation of metastasis but also in carcinogenesis from colorectal adenomas. Several recent studies demonstrated that high preoperative serum or plasma MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 antigen levels are strong predictive factors for poor prognosis in patients with CRC and their determination might be useful for identification of patients with higher risk for cancer recurrence. MMP-9 and TIMP-1 have significant potential tumor marker impact in CRC. Their diagnostic sensitivity is consistently higher than those of conventional biomarkers. The pharmacological targeting of CRC by the development of a new generation of selective inhibitors of MMPs, that is highly specific for certain MMPs, is a promising and challenging area for the future.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Biomarkers, Tumor; Colorectal Neoplasms; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Matrix Metalloproteinases; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases
PubMed: 23202950
DOI: 10.3390/ijms131013240 -
Discovery Medicine Jun 2016Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is perhaps the best-defined tumor marker for HCC,... (Review)
Review
Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is perhaps the best-defined tumor marker for HCC, and as such, it is widely used in clinical settings as an adjuvant diagnostic and prognostic tool. Up to 70% of HCC cases exhibit elevated serum level of AFP, but its pathophysiological functions in HCC are poorly defined. It is now known that AFP is not just a fetal form of carrier protein and a tumor marker, it is also critically involved in the regulation of several important cellular functions, such as cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and immune regulation. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent development of AFP in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Topics: Apoptosis; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Dendritic Cells; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Immunity, Cellular; Immunotherapy, Adoptive; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Prognosis; Risk Factors; alpha-Fetoproteins
PubMed: 27448785
DOI: No ID Found -
Molecular Biology Reports Apr 2021Odontogenic tumors comprised of complex heterogeneous lesions that diverse from harmatomas to malignant tumors with different behavior and histology. The etiology of... (Review)
Review
Odontogenic tumors comprised of complex heterogeneous lesions that diverse from harmatomas to malignant tumors with different behavior and histology. The etiology of odontogenic tumors is not exactly determined and pathologists deal with challenges in diagnosis of odontogenic tumors because they are rare and obtained experiences are difficult to evaluate. In this study, we describe immunohistochemical and molecular markers in diagnosis of odontogenic tumors besides advanced diagnostic technique. Immunohistochemical features of odontogenic tumors beside the clinical features and radiological finding can help us to determine the correct diagnosis. Although these markers are neither specific nor sensitive enough, but analysis of gene expression provides definitive confirmation of diagnosis. In addition, "-omics" technology detected specific molecular alternation associated with etiology such as genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. The post transcriptional events such as DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling by histone modification affect the changes in epigenome. Furthermore, non-coding RNAs like micro-RNAs, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and small non-coding RNA (snoRNA) play regulatory role and impact odontogenesis. Molecular marker propose their potential role in etiopathogenesis of odontogenic tumors and suitable candidate in diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approaches in addition to patient management. For future evaluations, organoid represents in vitro tumor model-study for tumor behavior, metastasis and invasion, drug screening, immunotherapy, clinical trial, hallmarks association with prognosis and evolution of personalized anti-cancer therapy. Moreover, organoid biobank help us to check genetic profile. We think more investigation and studies are needed to gain these knowledges that can shift therapeutic approaches to target therapy.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Genomics; Humans; Odontogenic Tumors
PubMed: 33822294
DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06286-0 -
BMC Gastroenterology Sep 2022Differential diagnosis between tuberculous peritonitis and peritoneal carcinomatosis remains challenging in clinical practice; thus, in-patients diagnosed with...
BACKGROUND
Differential diagnosis between tuberculous peritonitis and peritoneal carcinomatosis remains challenging in clinical practice; thus, in-patients diagnosed with tuberculous peritonitis or peritoneal carcinomatosis were retrospectively enrolled, and diagnostic values of ascitic tumor markers and adenosine deaminase were determined.
METHODS
Consecutive patients diagnosed with tuberculous peritonitis or peritoneal carcinomatosis were retrospectively enrolled. The pertinent data of 169 patients enrolled were collected.
RESULTS
A panel of ascitic tumor makers (CEA, CA15-3, CA19-9) had high specificity (96.83%) and accuracy (94.67%) in the differentiation of peritoneal carcinomatosis from tuberculous peritonitis; and ascitic ADA was a good discriminator between these patients, with an accuracy of 91.72%. Combined use of ascitic tumor makers and ADA (ascitic ADA < 22.5 IU/L or ascitic CEA > 3.65 ng/mL or CA15-3 > 42.70 U/mL or CA19-9 > 25.10 U/mL) performed high sensitivity (99.06%) and accuracy (94.08%) for the diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis. In addition, combined ascitic ADA and tumor marker (positive ascitic tumor makers and ADA < 22.50 IU/L) had 100% of the specificity in diagnosing peritoneal carcinomatosis.
CONCLUSIONS
Combined use of ascitic tumor markers and adenosine deaminase showed excellent efficiency in the differential diagnosis between tuberculous peritonitis and peritoneal carcinomatosis, thus these two simple and cost-effective parameters should be determined when tuberculous peritonitis or peritoneal carcinomatosis was suspected in clinic practice.
Topics: Adenosine Deaminase; Ascitic Fluid; Biomarkers, Tumor; CA-19-9 Antigen; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Peritonitis, Tuberculous; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 36115972
DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02480-x -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021As a non-classic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule, human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) is expressed in fetal-maternal interface and immunoprivileged... (Review)
Review
As a non-classic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule, human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) is expressed in fetal-maternal interface and immunoprivileged site only in healthy condition, and in pathological conditions such as cancer, it can be expressed. It is now widely accepted that HLA-G is a key molecule in the process of immune escape of cancer cells, which is ubiquitously expressed in the tumor environment. This raises the possibility that it may play an adverse role in tumor immunity. The expression level of HLA-G has been demonstrated to be highly correlated with clinical parameters in many tumors, and its potential significance in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer has been postulated. However, because HLA-G itself has up to seven different subtypes, and for some subtypes, detected antibodies are few or absent, it is hard to evaluate the actual expression of HLA-G in tumors. In the present work, we described (a) the structure and three main forms of HLA-G, (b) summarized the mechanism of HLA-G in the immune escape of tumor cells, (c) discussed the potential role of HLA-G as a tumor marker, and reviewed (d) the methods for detecting and quantifying HLA-G.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Extracellular Vesicles; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; HLA-G Antigens; Humans; Immune Privilege; Immune Tolerance; Neoplasms; Placental Circulation; Pregnancy; Prognosis; Tumor Escape
PubMed: 34868081
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791535 -
Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2022Lysyl oxidase-like 4 is an amine oxidase from the lysyl oxidase family that was previously shown to be overexpressed in head and neck cancer and upregulated in response...
INTRODUCTION
Lysyl oxidase-like 4 is an amine oxidase from the lysyl oxidase family that was previously shown to be overexpressed in head and neck cancer and upregulated in response to hypoxia. The possible role of lysyl oxidase-like 4 as a tumor marker in advanced stage larynx cancer was investigated.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the expression of lysyl Oxidase-Like 4 protein in advanced stage laryngeal cancer and elucidate its possible role as a tumor marker, predictor of treatment response and prognosticator.
METHODS
Diagnostic specimens of 72 patients treated for stage III-IV laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were evaluated for lysyl oxidase-like 4 expression by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS
Lysyl oxidase-like 4 expression was correlated with advanced tumor stage (p = 0.041) and better differentiation (p = 0.025) but was independent of tumor diameter (p = 0.456). Response to induction chemotherapy or the need for salvage laryngectomy were not affected by lysyl oxidase-like 4 expression (p = 0.999, p = 0.070 respectively). Increased lysyl oxidase-like 4 expression was associated with better 2 year overall survival in both univariate (p = 0.036) and multivariate analyses (p = 0.014).
CONCLUSION
Lysyl oxidase-like 4 expression emerges with advancing stages, is lost with worsening differentiation, and may have tumor suppressive properties in larynx cancer.
Topics: Humans; Biomarkers, Tumor; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Laryngectomy; Neoplasm Staging; Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
PubMed: 33757755
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2021.02.009